Bob Test

Titanium nails were introduced and design innovations enabled an expansion in the indications for use for intramedullary nailing. Non-slotted nails with higher torsional rigidity began to replace the slotted cloverleaf cross-sections. Clinical evidence for the benefits of early weightbearing increased.

The third-generation nailing systems entered the market with interlocking screws and design features targeting enhanced stability.

Shear instability produces inferior callus. Angle-stable nailing improves healing compared to unstable nailing.